4.4" Fossil Calamites Trunk Section - West Virginia

This is a 4.4" long and very 3D, fossilized trunk section of Calmanites cisti, a extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetail. It was collected from a coal mine near Summersville, West Virginia and is Middle Pennsylvanian in age or approximately 307 million years old. The characteristic rib pattern of the genus is easily seen in this specimen.

Calamites is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails are closely related. Unlike their modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of more than 30 meters (100 feet). They were components of the understories of coal swamps of the Carboniferous Period.



The trunks of Calamites had a distinctive segmented, bamboo-like appearance and vertical ribbing. The branches, leaves and cones were all borne in whorls. The leaves were needle-shaped, with up to 25 per whorl.

The stems of modern horsetails are typically hollow or contain numerous elongated air-filled sacs. Calamites was similar in that its trunk and stems were hollow, like wooden tubes. When these trunks buckled and broke, they could fill with sediment. This is the reason pith casts of the inside of Calamites stems are so common as fossils. Calamites would have been covered with a thin outer bark but this is almost never preserved.